<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<!--XBRL Document Created with the Workiva Platform-->
<!--Copyright 2024 Workiva-->
<!--r:557d18ac-a09f-4aab-a652-9a7a2fa9fbb2,g:30c7d92b-907c-49a6-887b-0ef8da7fc768-->
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:mdb="http://www.mongodb.com/20240516" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:dtr-types1="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2020-01-21" attributeFormDefault="unqualified" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://www.mongodb.com/20240516">
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2020-01-21" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2020-01-21/types.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei-sub/2024" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-sub-2024.xsd"/>
  <xs:import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd-sub/2024" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ecd/2024/ecd-sub-2024.xsd"/>
  <xs:annotation>
    <xs:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="mdb-20240516_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="mdb-20240516_def.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/definitionLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
      <link:linkbaseRef xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="mdb-20240516_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:type="simple"/>
    </xs:appinfo>
  </xs:annotation>
  <xs:element id="mdb_OptionAwardAndStockAwardChangeInFairValueFromPriorYearEndToCoveredYearEndGrantedPriorToCoveredYearAndOutstandingAndUnvestedAtCoveredYearEndMember" abstract="true" name="OptionAwardAndStockAwardChangeInFairValueFromPriorYearEndToCoveredYearEndGrantedPriorToCoveredYearAndOutstandingAndUnvestedAtCoveredYearEndMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="mdb_OptionAwardAndStockAwardChangeInFairValueFromPriorYearEndToAwardVestDateGrantedPriorToCoveredYearAndVestedDuringCoveredYearMember" abstract="true" name="OptionAwardAndStockAwardChangeInFairValueFromPriorYearEndToAwardVestDateGrantedPriorToCoveredYearAndVestedDuringCoveredYearMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="mdb_PerformanceStockUnitFairValueAwardsForfeitedDuringCoveredYearMember" abstract="true" name="PerformanceStockUnitFairValueAwardsForfeitedDuringCoveredYearMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="mdb_OptionAwardAndStockAwardReportedForCoveredYearMember" abstract="true" name="OptionAwardAndStockAwardReportedForCoveredYearMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="mdb_OptionAwardAndStockAwardFairValueGrantedForCoveredYearAndVestedForCoveredYearMember" abstract="true" name="OptionAwardAndStockAwardFairValueGrantedForCoveredYearAndVestedForCoveredYearMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="mdb_OptionAwardAndStockAwardOptionAwardAndStockAwardFairValueGrantedForCoveredYearAndUnvestedAtYearEnddFairValueGrantedForCoveredYearAndVestedForCoveredYearMember" abstract="true" name="OptionAwardAndStockAwardOptionAwardAndStockAwardFairValueGrantedForCoveredYearAndUnvestedAtYearEnddFairValueGrantedForCoveredYearAndVestedForCoveredYearMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
  <xs:element id="mdb_OptionAwardAndStockAwardFairValueGrantedForCoveredYearAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember" abstract="true" name="OptionAwardAndStockAwardFairValueGrantedForCoveredYearAndUnvestedAtYearEndMember" nillable="true" xbrli:periodType="duration" substitutionGroup="xbrli:item" type="dtr-types1:domainItemType"/>
</xs:schema>
